Introduction

18 important and typical species with sex reversal phenomenon from Teleostei to Mammalia were collected and integrated, which there are complete genome and omics data from both "female" and "male" samples. Species such as Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Mytella charruana reported sex reversal phenomenon were not selected, due to no complete genome or omics data. We would upgrade our database in the future.

Reminder: Both “sex reversal” and “sex change” appeared in the literature. Most published research papers describe it as sex reversal. We just marked these species based on the description in published literature in ASER database. If further information of sex reversal and sex change is needed, we recommend several references as below [1-4].

  1. Major AT, Smith CA. Sex reversal in Birds. Sex Dev 2016; 10: 288-300.
  2. Flament S. Sex reversal in Amphibians. Sex Dev 2016; 10: 267-278.
  3. Weber C, Capel B. Sex reversal. Curr Biol 2018; 28: R1234 -R6.
  4. Ortega-Recalde O, Goikoetxea A, Hore TA, Todd EV, Gemmell NJ. The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Change in Fish. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 8: 47-69.

Phylogenetic tree

Sex Reversal Inducement

There are many factor that can induce sex reversal (inducement).

NO Species Title Inducement
1 Betta splendens Sex reversal in female Betta splendens as a function of testosterone manipulation and social influence Hormone, drug
2 Betta splendens Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens Hormone, drug
3 Bos taurus Expression of AMH in female fetal intersex gonads in the bovine Genetic abnormality
4 Bos taurus Evidence for almost complete sex-reversal in bovine freemartin gonads: formation of seminiferous tubule-like structures and transdifferentiation into typical testicular cell types. Genetic abnormality
5 Cynoglossus semilaevis New locus reveals the genetic architecture of sex reversal in the Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Natural
6 Cynoglossus semilaevis Transcriptome of Gonads From High Temperature Induced Sex Reversal During Sex Determination and Differentiation in Chinese Tongue Sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. Temperature
7 Cynoglossus semilaevis Transcriptome Profiling Insights the Feature of Sex Reversal Induced by High Temperature in Tongue Sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. Temperature
8 Cynoglossus semilaevis Single Locus Maintains Large Variation of Sex Reversal in Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) Temperature, natural
9 Cynoglossus semilaevis Integrative analysis reveals pathways associated with sex reversal in Cynoglossus semilaevis. Natural
10 Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Progesterone affects sex differentiation and alters transcriptional of genes along circadian rhythm signaling and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes in juvenile Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio var.) Hormone, drug
11 Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Effect of dietary administration of letrozole and tamoxifen on gonadal development, sex differentiation and biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Hormone, drug
12 Cyprinus carpio haematopterus In vivo response of melatonin, gonadal activity and biochemical changes during CYP19 inhibited sex reversal in common carp Cyprinus carpio (L) Hormone, drug
13 Danio rerio nr0b1 (DAX1) mutation in zebrafish causes female-to-male sex reversal through abnormal gonadal proliferation and differentiation. Genetic abnormality
14 Danio rerio Functional behavior and reproduction in androgenic sex reversed zebrafish (Danio rerio). Hormone, drug
15 Danio rerio An aromatase inhibitor or high water temperature induce oocyte apoptosis and depletion of P450 aromatase activity in the gonads of genetic female zebrafish during sex-reversal. Hormone, drug, temperature
16 Danio rerio Genetic mechanism underlying sexual plasticity and its association with colour patterning in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Temperature
17 Danio rerio Male-biased zebrafish sex differentiation and metabolomics profile changes caused by dydrogesterone. Hormone, drug
18 Danio rerio Induction of female-to-male sex change in adult zebrafish by aromatase inhibitor treatment Hormone, drug
19 Danio rerio Roles of brca2 (fancd1) in oocyte nuclear architecture, gametogenesis, gonad tumors, and genome stability in zebrafish. Genetic abnormality
20 Epinephelus coioides Socially controlled male-to-female sex reversal in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Social factor
21 Epinephelus coioides Female-to-male sex reversal in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) caused by overexpressing of Amh in vivo. Genetic abnormality
22 Epinephelus coioides Expression profile of amh/Amh during bi-directional sex change in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides Hormone, drug
23 Epinephelus coioides Expression profiles of dmrts and foxls during gonadal development and sex reversal induced by 17α-methyltestosterone in the orange-spotted grouper Hormone, drug
24 Epinephelus coioides The Administration of Cortisol Induces Female-to-Male Sex Change in the Protogynous Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides Hormone, drug
25 Epinephelus coioides Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq Unravels Chromatin Accessibility during Sex Reversal in Orange-Spotted Grouper ( Epinephelus coioides) Natural
26 Equus caballus Intersexuality in horses Genetic abnormality
27 Equus caballus Molecular heterogeneity of XY sex reversal in horses. Genetic abnormality
28 Equus caballus Equine disorders of sexual development in 17 mares including XX, SRY-negative, XY, SRY-negative and XY, SRY-positive genotypes Genetic abnormality
29 Gallus gallus Sex reversal and aromatase in chicken. Hormone, drug
30 Gallus gallus Expression of AMH, SF1, and SOX9 in gonads of genetic female chickens during sex reversal induced by an aromatase inhibitor. Hormone, drug
31 Gallus gallus Sexual differentiation and the germ cell in sex reversed gonads after aromatase inhibition in the chicken embryo Hormone, drug
32 Homo sapiens Author Correction: Human sex reversal is caused by duplication or deletion of core enhancers upstream of SOX9. Genetic abnormality
33 Homo sapiens Sex reversal in a child with a 46,X,Yp+ karyotype: support for the existence of a gene(s), located in distal Xp, involved in testis formation. Genetic abnormality
34 Homo sapiens Functional disomy of Xp including duplication of DAX1 gene with sex reversal due to t(X;Y)(p21.2;p11.3). Genetic abnormality
35 Homo sapiens Xp-duplications with and without sex reversal. Genetic abnormality
36 Lates calcarifer Sex-specific dmrt1 and cyp19a1 methylation and alternative splicing in gonads of the protandrous hermaphrodite barramundi Natural
37 Monopterus albus Genome-wide analysis of brain and gonad transcripts reveals changes of key sex reversal-related genes expression and signaling pathways in three stages of Monopterus albus. Natural
38 Monopterus albus The ultrastructural and biosynthetic characteristics of steroidogenic cells in the gonad of Monopterus albus (Teleostei) during natural sex reversal Natural
39 Monopterus albus Growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9) was localized in the female as well as male germ cells in a protogynous hermaphroditic teleost fish, ricefield eel Monopterus albus Natural
40 Monopterus albus The biosynthesis of steroids by the gonads of the ricefield eel Monopterus albus at various phases during natural sex reversal Natural
41 Monopterus albus Similar gene structure of two Sox9a genes and their expression patterns during gonadal differentiation in a teleost fish, rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Natural
42 Mus musculus XY Sox9 embryonic loss-of-function mouse mutants show complete sex reversal and produce partially fertile XY oocytes. Genetic abnormality
43 Mus musculus Sex reversal caused by Mus musculus domesticus Y chromosomes linked to variant expression of the testis-determining gene Sry. Genetic abnormality
44 Mus musculus Sex-reversed mice and sex determination Genetic abnormality
45 Mus musculus Delayed Sry and Sox9 expression in developing mouse gonads underlies B6-Y(DOM) sex reversal. Genetic abnormality
46 Oreochromis niloticus Temperature preference of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles induces spontaneous sex reversal. Temperature
47 Oreochromis niloticus Expression of Vasa, Nanos2 and Sox9 during initial testicular development in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to sex reversal. Hormone, drug
48 Oreochromis niloticus Brief exposure of embryos to steroids or aromatase inhibitor induces sex reversal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Hormone, drug
49 Oreochromis niloticus Consequences of temperature-induced sex reversal on hormones and brain in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Temperature
50 Oreochromis niloticus Mutation of foxl2 or cyp19a1a Results in Female to Male Sex Reversal in XX Nile Tilapia. Genetic abnormality
51 Oreochromis niloticus Haploinsufficiency of SF-1 Causes Female to Male Sex Reversal in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Genetic abnormality
52 Oryzias latipes Direct production of XY(DMY-) sex reversal female medaka (Oryzias latipes) by embryo microinjection of TALENs. Genetic abnormality
53 Oryzias latipes Sex reversal in the medaka Oryzias latipes by brief exposure of early embryos to estradiol-17beta. Hormone, drug
54 Oryzias latipes Brain aromatase in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Molecular characterization and role in xenoestrogen-induced sex reversal. Hormone, drug
55 Oryzias latipes Induction of female-to-male sex reversal by high temperature treatment in Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Temperature
56 Oryzias latipes Dmrt1 mutation causes a male-to-female sex reversal after the sex determination by Dmy in the medaka. Genetic abnormality
57 Paralichthys olivaceus Aromatase inhibitor and 17alpha-methyltestosterone cause sex-reversal from genetical females to phenotypic males and suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Hormone, drug
58 Paralichthys olivaceus Suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in sex-reversed males produced by rearing genetically female larvae at a high water temperature during a period of sex differentiation in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Temperature
59 Paralichthys olivaceus Cortisol is involved in temperature-dependent sex determination in the Japanese flounder. Temperature
60 Paralichthys olivaceus Tributyltin causes masculinization in fish Hormone, drug
61 Thalassoma bifasciatum Estrogenic control of behavioral sex change in the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum Social factor
62 Thalassoma bifasciatum Social Control of Sex Change in the Bluehead Wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Pisces: Labridae) Social factor
63 Thalassoma bifasciatum Stress, novel sex genes, and epigenetic reprogramming orchestrate socially controlled sex change Natural, social factor
64 Trachemys scripta The cloning and expression analysis of Lhx9 during gonadal sex differentiation in the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Temperature
65 Trachemys scripta The relative effectiveness of estrone, estradiol-17 beta, and estriol in sex reversal in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination Hormone, drug, temperature
66 Trachemys scripta The relative effectiveness of androstenedione, testosterone, and estrone, precursors to estradiol, in sex reversal in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination Hormone, drug, temperature
67 Trachemys scripta Thyroid hormone modulates offspring sex ratio in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination Hormone, drug, temperature
68 Trachemys scripta The histone demethylase KDM6B regulates temperature-dependent sex determination in a turtle species. Genetic abnormality
69 Xenopus laevis Sex reversal assessments reveal different vulnerability to endocrine disruption between deeply diverged anuran lineages. Hormone, drug
70 Xenopus laevis Differential effects of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol on gonadal development in five anuran species. Hormone, drug
71 Xenopus laevis The plasticizer bisphenol A affects somatic and sexual development, but differently in pipid, hylid and bufonid anurans Hormone, drug
72 Xenopus laevis Effects of larval exposure to estradiol on spermatogenesis and in vitro gonadal steroid secretion in African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis. Hormone, drug
73 Xenopus laevis All ZZ male Xenopus laevis provides a clear sex-reversal test for feminizing endocrine disruptors. Hormone, drug
74 Xenopus laevis Determination of the sensitive stages for gonadal sex-reversal in Xenopus laevis tadpoles Hormone, drug
75 Xenopus laevis Persistent sex-reversal and oviducal agenesis in adult Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs following larval exposure to the environmental pollutant ethynylestradiol. Hormone, drug